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\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0621 &#8230;&#8230;..\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0621&#8230;&#8230;..\u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 &#8230;&#8230;.\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (23) .<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-5661\" src=\"https:\/\/sayyaraljamil.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot-2017-07-10-21.39.01-300x170.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sayyaraljamil.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot-2017-07-10-21.39.01-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/sayyaraljamil.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot-2017-07-10-21.39.01-1024x581.png 1024w, https:\/\/sayyaraljamil.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot-2017-07-10-21.39.01-768x436.png 768w, https:\/\/sayyaraljamil.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Screenshot-2017-07-10-21.39.01.png 1117w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<br \/>\n(1) Record of Iraq 1914- 1966 (Published by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippendham, Wilts, UK, 2001).<br \/>\n(2) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1935 &#8211; 1958 ( \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0646 : \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 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\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 1954- 1958 \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u06371 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629 ( \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f : \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u060c 2015 ) \u060c \u0635 33 .<br \/>\n(3)\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a \u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a 1853- 1891\u0645 : \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0642\u0645 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C., Steel Chariots in the Desert London, Jonathan Cape, 1940, p. 21-2, 41\u20132 .<br \/>\n(12) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 :<br \/>\nMiddle East Study Group, Nuri al-Said and the Sharifians ( Grand Lake Neighborhood Center, July 8, 2006).<br \/>\n(13) \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u060c ( \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f : \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1994 ) \u060c \u063524 .<br \/>\n14) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 75 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 13 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1919 \u060c \u0635 2 .<br \/>\n(15) \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062e \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f . \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0651 !<br \/>\n(16) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 : \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 ( \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 ) \u060c \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a 1954- 1958 \u060c \u06371 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 : \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u060c ( \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u060c 2015 ) \u060c \u0635 33 .<br \/>\n(17) Nakash, Yitzhak . Reaching for Power: The Shi&#8217;a in the Modern Arab World. (Princeton University Pres, 2011), p. 87.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 : \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u06371 ( \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a : \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u060c 1987 ) \u060c \u0635 83 .<br \/>\n(18) Hanna Batatu, The old social classes and the revolutionary movements of Iraq: A study of Iraq&#8217;s old landed and commercial classes and of its communists, Ba&#8217;thists, and free officers, London, al-Saqi Books, 2012., p. 189.<br \/>\n(19) \u0648\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645 15\/ 9\/ 1885 ( \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a ) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 (\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f) \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 1877\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 16 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 (\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a) \u0644\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 .. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 : \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a &#8211; 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